Five-hundred days ago, in the early hours of a cold February morning, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of its western neighbour,Ukraine.

As the war reaches another grim milestone on Saturday, here are just some of the sombre ways it has upended life for tens of millions of people:

6.3 million Ukrainians have become refugees. An additional six million are internally displaced within Ukraine.

Most refugees are women and children, as Ukrainian men aged between 18 and 60 have been instructed to remain in the country and fight.

9,083 civilians have been killed in Ukraine,the real toll, however, is feared to be much higher.

15,779 civilians have been wounded in Ukraine.

The cost of destruction is thought to be more than $143bn*, according to the latest findings from the Kyiv School of Economics

It is estimated that Russia controls less than 20 percent of Ukrainian territory

In the heart of Ukraine, near the village of Legedzino in the Cherkasy region, lies one of the most significant archaeological sites in the world: the largest known settlement of the Trypillian culture. This ancient civilization, which thrived over 6,000 years ago, left behind a legacy of architectural, agricultural, and artistic innovations that continue to puzzle and inspire modern researchers. The Trypillians were not merely early agriculturists but also advanced builders and visionaries whose influence resonates through history.

The Trypillian Culture: Myths and Realities

The Trypillians, who lived during the 4th to 5th millennium BCE, were one of the earliest cultures to establish large, organized settlements. They occupied a vast area spanning present-day Ukraine, Romania, and Moldova. According to archaeological studies, their emergence was driven by migrations of early agricultural communities from Eastern Anatolia, in search of fertile lands and stable water sources.

Legends abound about the Trypillians, from claims that they invented the wheel to myths about their elaborate embroidered clothing made from linen. While these claims are unverified, they reflect the lasting fascination with this mysterious culture. Archaeological discoveries, however, confirm their advanced lifestyle. The Trypillians constructed multi-room homes, crafted exquisite pottery, and implemented early forms of urban planning long before the rise of Egyptian pyramids or Stonehenge.

Legedzino: Home to the Largest Trypillian Settlements

The Trypillian settlement in Legedzino is remarkable for its scale and organization. Covering over 4 square kilometers, the site contains the remains of up to 3,000 structures, including homes, communal spaces, and workshops. These were not primitive shelters but sophisticated buildings, some of which were two stories tall. Their construction involved a combination of clay, wood, and straw, with walls often plastered and decorated with intricate designs.

Excavations at Legedzino have revealed countless artifacts, including tools, ceramics, and the charred remains of homes. One of the site’s enduring mysteries is the ritual burning of houses, a practice archaeologists believe marked the abandonment of settlements when resources were depleted. This ceremonial destruction is thought to have been deeply tied to their spiritual beliefs, symbolizing a reverence for the cycle of life, death, and renewal.

During large-scale excavations in the 1980s, archaeologists unearthed over 60 houses, with an estimated 2,000 still buried beneath the fertile black soil of central Ukraine. These findings paint a picture of a society that was not only innovative but also deeply connected to its environment.

Architectural and Artistic Mastery

The Trypillians demonstrated remarkable craftsmanship in both their architecture and art. Their homes were meticulously planned, with many featuring two levels, clay floors, and distinct functional areas for cooking, sleeping, and storage. Models of their homes, often found during excavations, reveal an astonishing attention to detail, even including small figurines of inhabitants and household items.

Pottery was another hallmark of Trypillian culture. Their ceramics were adorned with intricate geometric patterns, spirals, and motifs that may have held spiritual or symbolic significance. Some scholars suggest that these designs represent elements of their worldview, such as the duality of life and nature. Others see connections to serpentine symbols, believed to protect homes and families.

Natural pigments, including ochre, were widely used to paint walls, floors, and pottery. This use of color added both aesthetic and symbolic value to their creations, demonstrating a sophisticated understanding of materials and design.

Social Structure and Spiritual Beliefs

The Trypillian social structure remains a subject of debate among archaeologists. While some evidence suggests a matriarchal society, with women playing central roles in both family and community life, this theory is not universally accepted. What is clear is the reverence for fertility and motherhood, as evidenced by numerous figurines of women, often depicted as symbols of abundance and life.

One of the most intriguing discoveries is a fragment of fabric over 5,000 years old, woven with exceptional precision. This artifact challenges stereotypes about early societies, suggesting a level of technological sophistication comparable to much later civilizations. The fabric’s fine texture and probable use in clothing hint at the Trypillians’ appreciation for beauty and comfort.

The spiritual life of the Trypillians was deeply rooted in nature. They likely worshiped the forces of the earth, sun, and water, as reflected in their art and rituals. Sacrificial practices, including the deliberate breaking of clay figurines, appear to have been a way of communicating with the divine.

The Legacy of Trypillian Settlements

While the Trypillian culture is celebrated for its achievements, it is also marked by enigmas. Why did they burn their homes upon leaving? Why did their culture eventually fade? One prevailing theory is that their agricultural practices exhausted the soil, forcing communities to relocate every few decades. Over time, this migratory lifestyle may have contributed to the decline of their culture.

Despite these unanswered questions, the Trypillians’ influence on subsequent cultures is undeniable. Their techniques in pottery, building, and community organization set the stage for future civilizations in the region.

Challenges and Preservation

Today, the Trypillian sites in Legedzino face numerous challenges. The ongoing war in Ukraine has halted archaeological excavations, while limited resources hinder the development of infrastructure needed to attract more visitors. Yet, efforts by local archaeologists and historians, such as Vladyslav Chebaniuk, have kept the Trypillian story alive. The museum at Legedzino offers a glimpse into their world, featuring reconstructed homes, pottery, and other artifacts.

A Call to Rediscover Ukraine’s Ancient Heritage

Legedzino is not just an archaeological site—it is a testament to the ingenuity and resilience of an ancient civilization. For Ukrainians, it serves as a powerful reminder of their deep historical roots and the cultural richness of their land. For the world, it is a treasure trove of insights into humanity’s early development.

Located just three hours from Kyiv, Legedzino is an accessible destination for history enthusiasts and curious travelers. Visitors can explore reconstructed Trypillian homes, marvel at artifacts, and even spend a night in a recreated settlement to experience life as it was thousands of years ago.

As Ukraine continues to fight for its cultural and national identity, preserving and celebrating sites like Legedzino becomes more important than ever. By visiting, donating, or simply spreading awareness, we can ensure that the story of the Trypillians is passed on to future generations.

Plan Your Journey

Legedzino (Легедзине) awaits discovery. Whether you’re drawn to its historical significance or its role in shaping Ukrainian identity, a visit to this ancient settlement is a journey through time. With its vast fields, reconstructed homes, and welcoming museum, Legedzino offers an unforgettable experience that bridges the distant past with the present.